Some tRNAs contain a fifth stem-loop named extra arm, which is located in the RNA sequence between the anticodon stem and the T stem. These stems are composed of seven, four, six, and five base pairs, respectively. The tRNA is canonically folded into the cloverleaf secondary structure, which is characterized by four double helical regions, the acceptor (A) stem, the dihydrouridine (D) stem and loop, the anticodon (C) stem and loop, and the TφC (T) stem and loop. In the process of gene translation, a molecule of tRNA must be bound with the appropriate amino acid, which largely depends on the structure of the tRNA. The 13 essential complex subunits responsible for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are translated by the mitochondrial separate protein synthesis machinery, which uses the 22 species of mitochondrial tRNAs (mt-tRNAs). The mammal mitogenome encodes 13 polypeptides, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). They contain a class of cytoplasmic DNA molecules, i.e., mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Beyond these functions, mitochondria are the indispensable organelle capable of synthesizing approximately 90% of cellular ATP in vertebrates. Mitochondria participate in several important cellular processes, including apoptosis, signaling, metabolic homeostasis and biosynthesis of macromolecules such as lipids and heme. Results highlight the effect of mitochondrial tRNA genes on the number of piglets born alive, and suggest that polymorphic sites of the tRNA genes be genetic markers for selection of pig reproduction. In result, C2255T changed the secondary structure of tRNA-Val by elongating the T stem and shrinking the T loop, and C2255T and G2259A in the tRNA-Val gene, C6217T and T6219C in the tRNA-Ala gene, and T15283C in the tRNA-Glu gene altered the tertiary structure of their tRNAs, respectively by changing the folding form of the T arm, and C16487T in the tRNA-Thr gene changed the tertiary structure of mitochondrial tRNA-Thr by influencing the folding form of the acceptor arm. To test whether the mutations altered the structure of mitochondrial tRNAs, the secondary and tertiary structures were predicted. The reproductions of mutant carriers were significantly greater than that of wild carriers by 0.989 piglets born alive/sow farrowing. In total, 16 mutations were found in mitochondrial tRNA genes, of which 13 mutations were significantly associated with NBA ( P < 0.05). Here, 1017 sows were used to investigate the association between polymorphisms in mitochondrial tRNA genes and NBA.
It is also important to explore the effect on the number of piglets born alive (NBA).
Mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes have been widely reported association with human reproductions.
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